Scientific basis for information about eating disorders
Eating Disorder Problems in Children and Adolescents
Eating disorders can be very difficult, time consuming and costly to treat, and being young, female and dieting are some of the identified risk factors that are definitely associated with the development of eating disorders. Being young, female, and dieting are some of the few identified risk factors that are definitely associated with the development of eating disorders.
There is currently limited evidence in the published literature to suggest that certain types of programs are effective in preventing eating disorders, and there have been concerns that some interventions may cause harm.
What does the research say?
The purpose of the study is to determine whether eating disorder prevention programs for children and adolescents are effective in the following ways.
(1) Promote healthy eating attitudes and behaviors.
(2) Promote protective psychological factors.
(3) Promote satisfactory health.
(4) To have a long-term, sustainable, positive impact on mental and physical health.
(5) Ensure safety in relation to possible adverse effects on mental or physical health.
Combining data from two eating disorder prevention programs based on media literacy and advocacy approaches shows a reduction in internalization or acceptance of social ideals associated with emergence at 3-6 months of follow-up (Kusel 1999; Neumel 1999).
(Kusel 1999; Neumark * 2000) [SMD - 0.28, -0.51 to - 0.05, 95% CI]
There is insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of five programs designed to address eating attitudes and behaviors in the general community and other adolescent problems or problems classified as high risk for eating disorders.
(Buddeberg * 1998; Dalle Grave 2001; Killen 1993; Santonastaso 1999; Zanetti 1999)
And insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of two programs designed to improve self-esteem. (O'Dea 2000; Wade 2003)
Data from two didactic eating disorder awareness programs could not be pooled for analysis.
Reviewer's comments.
One important pooling effect in the current review does not allow us to make firm conclusions about the impact of prevention programs for eating disorders in children and adolescents, although none of the pooled comparisons showed evidence of harm. The meta-analysis is in the process of being revised to account for the impact of cluster-randomized trials.
Pratt BM, Woolfenden S. Interventions to prevent eating disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, No. 2. Number: CD002891. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD002891.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia.
Specific manual forms of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have been developed for the treatment of bulimia (CBT-BN) and other commonly associated syndromes such as bulimic disorders. The paper presented aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT, CBT-BN and other psychotherapies in the treatment of adults with bulimia or the related syndrome of recurrent bulimia.
What are the studies?
A total of 3054 participants from 48 studies were included in the study.
This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT, especially CBT-BN, in the treatment of people with bulimia nervosa.
This review supports the efficacy of CBT, especially CBT-BN, in treating people with bulimia nervosa and related eating disorder syndromes. Other psychotherapies, especially long-term interpersonal psychotherapy, have also been effective.
A self-help approach using a highly structured CBT treatment manual was promising. Prevention of exposure and response did not increase the effectiveness of CBT.
Psychotherapy alone is unlikely to reduce or alter weight in people with bulimia nervosa or similar eating disorders.
Hayes PPJ, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P. Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and teeth grinding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, no. 4. Art. No.: CD000562. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD000562.pub3.
Family Therapy
People with anorexia nervosa (AN) will have a purposefully maintained low body weight and distorted body image.
People with anorexia experience associated medical and psychological problems, and the risk of dying from this disorder (mortality) is relatively high.
In this paper, I am looking at one method of treatment for AN: relying on family members. This is what I am trying to find out.
Conclusion.
The results show that family therapy has a significant effect compared to other treatment methods, but it is not known if there is a better method.
The study included
Twenty-five trials were included in the study. 16 trials were conducted in adolescents, 8 in adults (7 in young adults up to age 26), 1 trial was conducted in 3 And one trial included three age groups.
Most investigated family-based treatments or variants.
There was very poor quality evidence from one of these trials.
It was not clear whether the family therapy approach offered any advantage over educational interventions for remission. It is difficult to determine whether the family therapy approach provides any advantage over educational interventions for remission.(RR 9.00, 95% CI 0.53 to 153.79; 1 study, N = 30)
Similarly, there was very low quality evidence from only five trials on remission after intervention. This also suggests that the family therapy approach may be more advantageous than psychological interventions.
This also means that it is difficult to determine whether family therapy approaches are more advantageous than psychological interventions.
(RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.89-1.67. Participants = 252, Study = 5, I 2 = 37%)
There was no indication that age group had any effect on the overall treatment effect. However, very few studies were conducted in adults.
It should be noted, however, that very few studies have been conducted with adults, and the age range of the adult studies included in this analysis is 20-27.
There was evidence of a small effect in favor of family-based treatment compared to other psychological interventions.
Overall, either after the intervention or at follow-up, the
for most secondary outcomes (weight, eating disorder psychopathology, dropout, relapse, or family functioning measures).
There was insufficient evidence to determine if there was a difference between groups for all comparisons.
Fisher CA, Skocic S, Rutherford KA, Hetrick SE. Family therapy approaches to anorexia nervosa A Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, No. 5 Number: CD004780. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD004780. Pub4.
Misconceptions and truths.
This article introduces misconceptions and truths about eating disorders from the Boston Children's Hospital.
Perceptions of Eating Disorders
If you have an eating disorder, you are underweight.
→In clinical practice, some patients suffer from weight loss, while others suffer from excess weight due to overeating.
Extreme dieting
→This is not dieting, but a symptom that causes a lot of physical and psychological strain.
It is not a dieting problem.
→It can occur in both men and women.
A man may have an eating disorder due to appearance or cognitive issues, but it may be seen as an adjustment in muscle mass or other factors.
When I have anorexia, I don't eat anything.
→They may not eat anything, but they may consume small amounts or extremely unbalanced foods.
And people who have this tendency try to hide it when they are with others.
Caused by the media
→Sometimes it is due to extreme images in the media, but sometimes it is not.
In some cases, extreme images in the media are the cause, but in other cases, they are not.
Eating disorders are irreversible.
→It requires long-term treatment, but recovery is possible.
You need to treat the physical and psychological burden, so you need the help of various people.
Eating disorders are rare.
→In a 2011 survey in the U.S., it was reported that 0.3% of 13~18 year olds have anorexia and 2.5% have bulimia.
It is expected that there are many teenagers who practice extreme dieting even though they have not been diagnosed, so there seems to be a concern about eating disorders.
Danger Sign
The danger signs of bulimia are thought to be as follows
Frequent eating of large amounts of food at a time
Loss of control around food
Eating when you're not hungry
Eating alone.
Eating as a way to control emotions
Hides food and empty wrappers
Others notice that food disappears rapidly.
May store food
The danger signals for anorexia nervosa are thought to be these
Skipping meals
Making excuses for not eating
Excessive exercise (make exercise a top priority)
Eating only "safe" foods (low calorie, low fat)
Not eating certain food groups (carbohydrates, fats, etc.)
There is unusual behavior around food.
(organizing food, cutting food into small pieces, always finding problems with food, pushing food around the plate)
Cooks or bakes food for others, but does not eat
Watching food shows or constantly accessing food websites
Compulsively reading nutrition information or counting calories
Always weigh yourself or do a "body check".
Always weigh yourself or do a "body check." (Look at your body in the mirror or feel your body with your hands.)
Chew a lot of gum or drink a lot of water, coffee, diet soda, or other calorie-free beverages.
Denying that you have a problem despite your weight loss
Recent switch to a vegan/vegetarian diet
Withdrawing from food-related social gatherings
Dental Phobia, BMI and Eating Disorders
Few studies have described the association between eating disorders (EDs) and dental phobia. This study investigated the association between dental phobia and EDs in Finnish university students through body mass index (BMI) and SCOFF (disease, control, one stone, fat, food) questionnaires.
The researchers hypothesized that dental phobia was associated with ED and BMI.
The study.
used the most recent data from the 2016 Finnish University Student Health Survey; the study included Finnish undergraduates (n = 10,000) from academic and applied science universities.
Questions were asked about age, gender, height, weight, education sector, and mental health, and the SCOFF questionnaire was used to assess who was at risk of developing ED. Chi-square tests and gender-specific logistic regression were used to analyze the association between dental phobia, ED, and BMI with managing age, education sector, and mental health.
Results.
A total of 3110 students participated in the study, with 7.2% of the total reporting high dental phobia and 9.2% rating positive for SCOFF.
More females than males reported high dental phobia and scored positive on SCOFF. Gender modified the association between dental phobia and ED and BMI, with women with positive SCOFF scores more likely to have high dental phobia than women with negative SCOFF scores when controlling for education sector and BMI.
After adding perceived mental well-being to the gender-specific regression analysis, obese men (BMI ≥ 25) with inadequate to moderate mental well-being were more likely to have higher dental phobia than their counterparts.
Conclusion.
Men with a tendency to obesity were associated with dental phobia, and women showed that dental phobia was associated with mental disorders, including eating disorders.
Sharifian, M.J., Pohjola, V., Kunttu, K. et al. Association between dental fear and eating disorders and Body Mass Index among Finnish university students: a national survey. BMC Oral Health 21, 93 (2021). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01449-8
